Thibault Moulin, « Icarus’ Flight: The Paradoxes in the Contribution of International Law to Solar Power », German Yearbook of International Law, , 2025
Abstract: Renewable energy in general, and solar power in particular, are of clear interest for energy transition and the fight against global warming. Yet, international law only makes a poor contribution to the success of solar power, as it creates a fragmented and incomplete legal framework, with several opposing poles. On the one side, due diligence and environmental law aim at fighting pollution, but do not give birth to stringent obligations in favour of green power. On the other side, restrictions about public subventions in WTO law, as well as current interpretations of fair and equitable treatment, legitimate expectations, and resort to the discounted-cash-flow method in the framework of investment law, put excessive constraint on States and may be detrimental to solar power. This article aims at highlighting the shortcomings in positive law, and to make recommendations to improve the legal framework – in a way which better balances public and private interests. It also underlines that human rights law has an increasing role to play in the promotion of solar power.
Thibault Moulin, « The Thin Red Line: Neutrality and Belligerency in Modern Armed Conflicts », Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review, , 2024
Thibault Moulin, « A (Sovereign) License to Kill? The Boundaries of Jurisdictional Immunities for State-Sponsored Crimes », Emory International Law Review, , 2024
Thanks to their immunities, states are normally not subject to civil proceedings before foreign courts. While some may argue there are exceptions to this principle, in particular regarding acta de jure gestionis, the International Court of Justice refused to recognize the existence of further limitations to this principle in the Jurisdictional Immunities of the State case. However, even after the judgment, several questions remain unresolved. This article clarifies the boundaries of civil immunities in the field, and especially vis-à-vis state-sponsored crimes. This article finds that state-sponsored crimes may qualify as sovereign acts and that contradiction with jus cogens is not enough to lift immunity. However, this article argues that forum courts may always hear a case where harmful acts are committed by a foreign state in the national territory, even if armed forces are involved (i.e. the “territorial tort exception”). In addition, this article turns to human rights treaties (like the ECHR) and demonstrates that a contracting state has no material jurisdiction under the convention if the immunities of a foreign state are safeguarded and for acts committed outside the forum. If jurisdiction is found to exist, however, then the lack of a viable alternative remedy would generally result in a breach of the right to a fair trial.
Thibault Moulin, « La Réplique Étatique Face au Piratage des Entreprises : L'Attaque comme Moyen de Défense ? », Études Françaises de Renseignement et de Cyber, , 2024
Les entreprises occidentales sont particulièrement exposées aux cybermenaces, à l’instar du vol de propriété intellectuelle et des ransomwares. Si les procédures devant les juridictions nationales et les programmes de sanctions ont souvent été privilégiés, ils n’ont pas pour autant réussi à mettre un terme à ces menaces. Face à celles-ci, les États pourraient être tentés d’invoquer la doctrine des contre-mesures et de répliquer, y compris par des moyens cybernétiques. Or, une telle décision appelle l’identification de deux éléments : l’existence d’un fait internationalement illicite, puis la détermination de la réponse licite. C’est à cet exercice que se livre la présente contribution.
Thibault Moulin, « Waking Sleeping Beauty? Exploring the Challenges of Cyber-Deterrence by Punishment », Loyola of Los Angeles International & Comparative Law Review, , 2023
Thibault Moulin, « Qu'est-ce que l'infraction politique dans une procédure d'extradition ? Une analyse inspirée de l'affaire Assange », Revue des Droits et Libertés Fondamentaux, , 2022
Une part importante des traités d’extradition contient une clause qui s’oppose à la remise, par un État, d’un individu suspecté d’avoir commis une infraction politique. Malgré son omniprésence, celle-ci n’a jamais été définie de manière conventionnelle, et ce sont les cours qui se sont souvent emparées de la notion. Le présent article démontre que l’interprétation jurisprudentielle a en fait convergé, pour favoriser l’émergence d’un instrument qui exclut la violence aveugle et l’impunité.
Thibault Moulin, « ‘I Will Control Your Mind’: The International Regulation of Brain-Hacking », San Diego International Law Journal, , 2022
Thibault Moulin, « Un nouveau “cheval de Troie”? Regard sur la codification des normes impératives du droit international général (jus cogens) », Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international, , 2021
The International Law Commission (ILC) has worked on peremptory norms (jus cogens) since 2014. While this initiative must be praised — as some aspects of peremptory norms remain obscure — some conclusions reached by the ILC are more controversial. This article compares them to “Trojan horses” for two main reasons. First, some principles related to the evidence and recognition process of peremptory norms (rejection of persistent objector status vis-à-vis jus cogens, the role of courts) may favour the arbitrary definition of those norms. Second, some effects attributed to peremptory norms may result in consequences that have not — a priori — been considered by the ILC (conformity of United Nations Security Council resolutions and customary law with jus cogens).
Thibault Moulin, « No More Humans? Cybernetically-Enhanced Soldiers Under the Legal Review of Article 36 », Journal of Law and Cyber Warfare, , 2021
The merger between a human and a machine and henceforth, the qualification of an augmented soldier as a weapon might appear as a highly hypothetical and futuristic scenario – it is not. As a matter of fact, the emergence of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) could challenge this fundamental distinction in the foreseeable future, by allowing direct and remote control of weapons (drones, robots) by brain signals – i.e. ‘telepresence’. It indeed appears that ‘[e]very action our body performs begins with a thought and with every thought comes an electrical signal. The electrical signal can be received by a brain-computer interface, consisting of an electroencephalograph (EEG) or an implanted electrode, which can then be translated, and then sent to the performing hardware to produce the desired action’ It concludes that they may, under certain circumstances, indeed be described as means or methods of warfare (I).
Considering that BCIs and the connected soldier qualify as such and that states might contemplate using such technologies on the battlefield, this article considers whether states are under the obligation to proceed with a legal review, as required by Article 36 of Geneva Conventions’ Additional Protocol I. The next part of this article determines whether the ‘employment’ of these new technologies is lawful, under both ‘this Protocol’ (Additional Protocol I) or ‘any other rule of international law’. If the prohibitions contained in the former mainly aim at protecting enemy soldiers and civilians, the latter also calls for the consideration of additional sets of rights, especially those guaranteed by international human rights law (IHRL).
Thibault Moulin, « Doctors Playing Gods? The Legal Challenges in Regulating the Experimental Stage of Cybernetic Human Enhancement », Israel Law Review, , 2021
Thibault Moulin, « Doctors Playing Gods? The Legal Challenges in Regulating the Experimental Stage of Cybernetic Human Enhancement – Erratum », Israel Law Review, , 2021
Thibault Moulin, « Reviving the Principle of Non-Intervention in Cyberspace: The Path Forward », Journal of Conflict and Security Law, , 2020
Thibault Moulin, « General Comment No. 31: The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant, 26th May 2004 (UN Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13) OXIO 198 », Oxford International Organizations, , 2017
Thibault Moulin, « Howrani and ors v Secretary-General of the United Nations, 28th August 1951 (Case No 17, Case No 18, Case No 19, Case No 20, Case No 21, Judgment No 4, UN Doc AT/DEC/4), OXIO 276 », Oxford International Organizations, , 2017
Thibault Moulin, « Effect of Awards of Compensation Made by the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, 13th July 1954 ([1954] ICJ Rep 47), OXIO 265 », Oxford International Organizations, , 2017
Thibault Moulin, « European Parliament Resolution on the Existence of a Global System for the Interception of Private and Commercial Communications (ECHELON Interception System), 5th September 2001 (2001/2098 (INI)), OXIO 15 », Oxford International Organizations, , 2016
Thibault Moulin, « Weber and Saravia v Germany, Admissibility, 29th June 2006 (App No 54934/00, ECHR 2006-XI, [2006] ECHR 1173), OXIO 199 », Oxford International Organizations, , 2016